Leísmo and the Use of Le in Spanish

Do you always follow the rules of proper English in your speaking and writing? Probably not. So it probably would be too much to ask native Spanish speakers to do the same. And thats especially true when it comes to using pronouns such as le and lo. When it comes to breaking the rules of Spanish — or at least of varying from standard Spanish — there are probably no rules that are broken more often than those involving third-person object pronouns. The rules are broken so often that there are three common names for variations from whats considered normal, and the Spanish Royal Academy (the official arbiter of what is proper Spanish) accepts the most common variation from the norm but not others. As a Spanish student, youre normally best off learning, knowing and using standard Spanish; but you should be aware of variations so they dont confuse you and, ultimately, so you know when its OK to deviate from what you learn in class. Standard Spanish and Objective Pronouns The chart below shows the third-person objective pronouns that are recommended by the Academy and are understood by Spanish speakers everywhere. Number and gender Direct object Indirect oject singular masculine ("him" or "it") lo (Lo veo. I see him or I see it.) le (Le escribo la carta. I am writing him the letter.) singular feminine ("her" or "it") la (La veo. I see her or I see it.) le (Le escribo la carta. I am writing her the letter.) plural masculine ("them") los (Los veo. I see them.) les (Les escribo la carta. I am writing them the letter.) plural feminine ("them") las (Las veo. I see them.) les (Les escribo la carta. I am writing them the letter.) In addition, the Academy allows the use of le as a singular direct object when referring to a male person (but not a thing). Thus I see him could correctly be translated as either lo veo or le veo. Substituting le for lo is known as leà ­smo, and this recognized substitution is extremely common and even preferred in parts of Spain. Other Types of Leà ­smo While the Academy recognizes le as a singular direct object when referring to a male person, that isnt the only type of leà ­smo you may hear. While the use of les as a direct object when referring to multiple persons is less common, it also is frequently used and is listed as a regional variation in some grammar texts despite what the Academy may say. Thus you may hear les veo (I see them) when referring to males (or a mixed male/female group) even though the Academy would recognize only los veo. Although less common than either of the above variations, in some regions le also can be used as a direct object instead of la to refer to females. Thus, le veo might be said for either I see him or I see her. But in many other areas, such a construction might be misunderstood or create ambiguity, and you should probably avoid using it if youre learning Spanish. In some areas, le may be used to denote respect when used as a direct object, especially when speaking to the person le refers to. Thus, one might say quiero verle a usted (I want to see you) but quiero verlo a Roberto (I want to see Robert), although -lo would technically be correct in both instances. In areas where le can substitute for lo (or even la), it frequently sounds more personal than the alternative. Finally, in some literature and older texts, you may see le used to refer to an object, thus le veo for I see it. Today, however, this usage is considered substandard. Loà ­smo and Laà ­smo In some areas, parts of Central America and Colombia in particular, you may hear lo and la used as indirect objects instead of le. However, this usage is frowned on elsewhere and is probably best not imitated by people learning Spanish. More About on Objects The distinction between direct and indirect objects isnt quite the same in Spanish as it is in English, and thus the pronouns that represent them are sometimes called accusative and dative pronouns, respectively. Although a full listing of the differences between English and Spanish objects is beyond the scope of this article, it should be noted that some verbs use dative (indirect object) pronouns where the English would use a direct object. One common such verb is gustar (to please). Thus we correctly say le gusta el carro (the car pleases him), even though the English translation uses a direct object. Such usage of le is not a violation of the formal rules of Spanish or a true example of leà ­smo, but rather shows a different understanding of how some verbs function.

Foreign Language As A Foreign Country - 1729 Words

The first word that comes out from one’s mouth decided what his or her native language is. Although if one can be born and raised in the United States, but if his or her first word was Korean, then that would be his or her native language. Today, many countries try to advocate their students to be a bilingual;fluent in the native language as well as a foreign language. Without being able to go abroad with a natural learning environment that can help one to practice his or her language skills, would it be effective to learn a foreign language in a foreign country? In fact, not everyone is given the opportunity to learn a foreign language abroad, but to learn it in a classroom. In a language school, the lessons is focused on writing and speaking. Since there are many learning styles such as visual, auditory, and tactile, what is the best way to pick up a foreign language? Learning does not have to be limited to books and classroom instruction; therefore, I want to find ou t the best way to learn a foreign language. As a result, the most efficient way to learn a language is to practice it. Everyone has a different learning style. There are visual learners, auditory learners, and tactile learners. It all depends on one’s learning style to determine the best way for them to learn. Visual learners need to learn through reading or seeing pictures. Their way of understanding the lessons are to sight it with their eyes. For example, reading from textbooks rather thanShow MoreRelatedEnglish Language Vs. Foreign Countries Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish Language Education in Japanese Schools Introduction Teaching a second language always has its unique challenges, unlike teaching other subjects, in which instruction is in the learners’ first language. English, being an international language is taught across, most, if not all modern day nations. 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Migrants to the Coast Free Essays

Migrants to the Coasts Overview and Discussion There are three goals Eder presents in his fieldwork. They were to ; (1) â€Å"understand fishing and the fishing peoples†(Eder 5), how they lived and how their resources affected their day to day lives,(2) The Palawan’s culture had become diverse and he thought it was important he showed appreciation for what it had become. (3) Last, but not least, he wanted to be more involved with research issues such as â€Å"environmental crisis, economic difficulty, and social well-being†(Eder 5). We will write a custom essay sample on Migrants to the Coast or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eder explains these motives throughout the text. In the second chapter Eder explains how the marine wildlife , full of sea grasses and coral reef play a vital role in the food chains for the animals inhabiting it. The author further explains that the â€Å"coastal zone† occupies the coastal plains as well as the water itself. He explains that there is a local distinction between the four types vegetative cover. Eder was able to get both the fishing peoples and the government official’s perspective of the coastal zone, and how they can preserve the area. In San Vicente there are ten communities with a total population of just fewer than 22,000. Here, Eder selects four of the communities in which he studies the people living within them. He provides a clear understanding of his fieldwork in which he works directly with the people of San Vicente. In order to truly understand their culture, Eder listened to their stories in addition to exploring the history of the people and the place itself. To investigate Eder’s motive of engaging in economic research, he looked into many different prominent industries of the region. One of these industries is fishing. As a reader I could easily envision the beautiful coast and its waters used for fishing. The fishing peoples used the resources of the coast in a way to build their economic culture. I think the author could have focused on fewer topics and covered them more in depth, opposed to going over so many. Altogether, the lives of the people and the visuals of their surrounding were enchanting. How Global Forces Impact Local Lives in San Vicente The Philippines is abundant in natural resources, but the people are among the poorest in Southeast Asia. Problems arise when these resources are no longer abundant and taken advantage of. When the logging industry in the 1960s became a top exporter, the license agreements were very corrupt. Instead of using the money to fund programs for the people, the president would distribute the revenue to his own inner circle. The mining industry brought in more money for the wealthy, but at a cost. The businesses were privatized so the profit stayed within. Environmental care was not seen as an issue, and dump mine wastes ruined bays and once plentiful farmlands. The poor essentially became even poorer. Illegal commercial fishing is also a problem among the coastal areas. Fishing for trawler fish is legal at open sea, â€Å"but the national law reserves water within 15 kilometers of the coast†(49). Fish are a major resource and illegal fishing has led the fish population into a downward spiral. Commercial fishing and blast fisherman have severely limited the opportunities to the local people who depend on it. Much of the coastal people make their living by fishing on a small scale. Competition between the people and the market is created due to the vast amount of fishermen in the area. Fishing practices and economic stability differed among the fishing peoples. For example, one man could be struggling to support his family, even by fishing every day, while another is making a considerable living fishing and doesn’t nearly work as often. Because of the privatized companies and the recourses they had, difficulties arose for small time fisherman and led them into poverty. Global forces seemed to restrict the fishing peoples in many ways. They did not open opportunities to the coastal people. The coastal people then had make a living the best way they knew how. With extreme completion, fish prices became inflated, making the people even poorer. The Philippine government needs to intervene, not by shutting down illegal fishing, but by forming programs to help its people. How to cite Migrants to the Coast, Papers

The Reader Review Essay Example

The Reader Review Paper Essay on The Reader A book can not be viewed from only one angle. However, just as in life there are no solid colors. For which many thanks Schlink, so its a space that he leaves for readers. He does not impose anything, does not give specific answers. This is a very important and valuable, because it makes you think. Unfortunately, not every book can boast. And thats what Im looking for them. At the time of love heroes Michael was 15 years old. The war has affected it only indirectly, he took it in passing, in an unconscious age. The formation of the physical and spiritual had at the time when Germany was restored. Hannah, on the contrary, was in the thick of things. It is not just lived during the war, she took part in it. Heres something I think and that lies the main idea Schlink, to show the difference of views of the two generations. Those who have been inside of the war, and those who know about it have only the stories. Time difference minimal, but in perception the gulf. Im not talking about how the events of those days are now interpreted We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He -. A boy from an educated family. She a woman illiterate workers. This clash is not only two generations, but the entire historical layers. How war divided people in Germany at the before and after. What could be they have in common? Only feelings. Reader a love story. Thin, has no future, but no less poignant. Is Michael Hanna loved? Is it even middle-aged woman to fall in love at first sight with fifteen boys who vomit in the street? Can fifteen Michael love, and not just interested in a woman? I found all of these questions positive response. Paradoxically, this is the case. Hanna saw in Michaels something bright, something which she lacked. For Michael Hanna also become something of a disease, which poisons a life, but without which you can not imagine its existence. There was a choice of Michael. He could save Hannah. Speak in her defense. Or just to talk to her, does not exposing himself and her fate is changed. But if he had a choice, really? Whether he had the right to disclose the fact that it was more expensive to hide Hanna conclusion? Was the choice of Hannah? Is it my fault that they could not change? She was in a terrible, but the conditions. On the other hand, sometimes it is better to die with his prinitsipakh than they have to sacrifice and lose yourself. Sometimes no cause can justify acts The most important principle of love -. It is forgiveness. Michael was able to fall in love with a woman, about which he knew nothing. But why did he give it up when her past was known to him? The question of morality remains open. Michael Hanna silently accused in the death of hundreds of people. But he turned out to be responsible for her death. Whose fault is heavier? And if it then right to consider her guilty? Hanna was ashamed that he can not read. Michael ashamed to disclose their relationship with an adult woman, involvement in the genocide All that tied Hanna and Michael, so different, no common ground, -. It is the love of books. Literature is beyond time, beyond nationality, political affiliation and other conventions. So it was, is, and hopefully will. The Reader Review Essay Example The Reader Review Paper Essay on The Reader and the past, which we avoid catching up with us. We all have a hidden nook in the memory, where the hidden past, memories of which evokes a feeling of shame or guilt. Or a combination of both? You can be ashamed of his past deeds without feeling guilty for them to justify themselves to their young age, naivety, sincerity of thought, stupidity, finally, but can feel a sense of guilt, without feeling shame for what happened? We are diligently hide the past in the farthest and darkest corner, dissemble and pretend that this is just a routine reshuffle and with a sigh of relief, noting that hidden, sort of, was forgotten and began to cover the dust. But one day some someday picture, smell, phrase, sound drags a thread memories and the past will fall if it were yesterday on us. And we once again, let us ask ourselves the question, which at the same time it is not possible to find the answer and the answer to which we have always known. Are we to blame for what happened? Will there be when that time when we will deserve forgiveness? Not of men and not of God. Can we forgive ourselves? Will there be a time when no longer dream of an accomplished event? However, the awakening from a bad dream is not always brings with it a relief sometimes, just waking up, you realize the full horror of the nightmare or what dream you opened the terrible truth.. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When love leaves, there is a feeling of guilt the blame for something that we have done, but did not have to do. Or that did not do what they should have. We stood by, pretending that we are not concerned. Denial the most unobtrusive of betrayal by even unclear whether the man really refuses to someone or just to store anothers secrets, protects them from trouble, scandal, but he who refuses, it is currently conscious of what makes A such refusal no less destructive to intimacy than most gnustnoe predaelstvo imagine that a person knowingly destroys itself, and you can save him -. would you save him? How many times in my life I was not thinking much about the dignity and freedom of the individual, he gave himself a positive answer to this question, guided boyish and right of the strongest. And only with time comes the understanding that nothing at all can not be justified when someone decides for others that are good or bad. In the fifteen years I have been ill with jaundice. It started in the fall, and came to an end in the spring. the colder and darker grew the old year, the more I was getting weaker. Only after the new year it went on the mend . . Wonderful style and a great book. The Reader Review Essay Example The Reader Review Paper Essay on The Reader So many reviews about the book is already written, that did not even dared to write your own. Not for anything would not have if I had not wanted so share your thoughts and feelings on reading. With much of what has already been written, I agree with many things no. Could it be? Can. Feeling really twofold. About whether love affair? Only a small degree. Probably about love Hannah to Michael, but not about his love for her. Someone might argue, I answer: it has retained its sense of for years to come, he also refused it, replacing it with a sense of guilt. Although at first it seemed to me that Hannah does not like him. And only then I realized, after reading about her illiteracy, the desire to preserve harmony and cleanliness and in jail What is this if not the fear of losing a loved one and hope to see him again, being recognized them not only on appearance but also the smell. .. Remember how often he breathed in her scent as described her scent She loved him to the end, he is not very long. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer the Reader. In his mind, he was to her only the reader, but for her it is the connection with the world. Thanks to him, she began to hear the book, to understand them, to argue with the characters, feel for them. A few years later she learned to read and write. He opened her world, she feared that he could not respond in kind. Perhaps that is why she did not tell the truth about his illiteracy, even in court. Indeed, from the very beginning she knew that he was in the hall behind her. She believed in justice, and was ready to pay the penalty that earned, not knowing that she will be a much greater punishment for the omission of this fact. She did not deny his guilt. He did not deny her guilt, too. She gave up. He, too. Guessed her secret, he did not help because he thought her guilty. Maybe this novel about guilt? That sense, he felt in relation to Hanna, giving her leave once, and that feeling of guilt, which is attributed to it from its position by a person, not men of war For me valuable. It was not only the novel, but also a postscript interpreter. Ive never heard of a second generation of the Germans, but often wondered what they felt towards those who took part in the war, they are justified or condemned them It was to some extent a response. Although I do it a little, but still If you asked the same question, read the book. Anything youll see for yourself. The Reader Review Essay Example The Reader Review Paper Essay on The Reader Schlinks book is called The Reader. And it is from this need to make a start, if you want to understand the author. And it is quite difficult to understand, because the novel multi-faceted, raznoaktsentny. The work is about love and war, and literature, and of loyalty, and betrayal. Michael and Hannah, a boy and a grown woman, whether their relationship can be called love? None of the characters so they do not call. Nevertheless, their relationship has lasted for many years, until the death of the protagonist. So this book is about love and loyalty. Hanna served as a guard in the camp, but we understand that she had no choice. She had seen people killed, he was complicit in war crimes. So this book is about the war. Hannah loved literature and very subtle feeling of the book. Together with the main character, they read a lot of them. So this book is about the literature. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Reader Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But why not a novel called The Reader, for example? For the author is important, first of all, the image of the protagonist. He should reflect on all of the events leading to it a pair of Michael Hanna, despite the fact that she was older. He had to understand why this woman chose to be seen as guilty, but would not admit to their illiteracy. Love means understanding and forgiveness. Say, literature the textbook of life. But not for everyone. For Hannah yes. For Michael does not. Literature did not teach him to love truly. That is why Hannah has learned to read. Thats why she committed suicide, but would not meet again with the man, who was very fond of and who can not love. That novel is not so called reader, for example, and The Reader. Thats all that is given to Michael in this life.

ACT School Codes and College Codes for Score Reports

ACT School Codes and College Codes for Score Reports SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you taken the ACT or will you be taking it in the future?If so, you may have heard of ACT college and school codes. These codes are used to ensure that your ACT scores get sent to the proper school. Read on to learn everything you need to know about them. What Are ACT College and School Codes? ACT college codes are four-digit codes used to differentiate between different schools.Each college and university in the United States has its own unique ACT code.ACT, Inc., the company that creates and distributes the ACT, uses these codes as a way to reduce miscommunication and ensure that student ACT scores are sent to the correct schools. What Are ACT College and School Codes Used For? ACT college codes are used by ACT, Inc. to make sending official ACT score reports to universities easier and more accurate.When you register for the ACT, you have the option of sending your official scores to up to 4 colleges for free. Sending your ACT scores to a school lets them know you are interested in them. If you decide to apply to a school you sent your ACT scores to, those scores can be used as part of your application.The ACT school codes make it simple for you to choose which schools you’d like your scores to be sent to and minimizes the possibility of confusion there might be if you wrote or typed out school names. For example, if you wrote â€Å"Texas University† as one of the schools you’d like your scores to be sent to, ACT, Inc. wouldn’t know if you wanted your score sent to University of Texas at Austin, Texas AM University, or a different school entirely.ACT college codes help prevent this type of confusion. If you are sending SAT scores to schools, be aware that you cannot use ACT codes to do this.The SAT has its own list of college codes. ACT codes help reduce confusion when you choose which schools to send your scores to Where Can You Find ACT College and School Codes? While registering online for the ACT,there will be a section for you to enter up to 4 different school codes.When registering, you can search by code number if you already know the ones you need, or you can search for the names of the schools you’d like your scores to be sent to, and when you select them their school code will be automatically filled in on the registration form (see the screenshot below). If you’d like to look at the school codes before registering for the ACT or send your scores to more schools after taking the test, you can also search for ACT school codesand see the complete list of codes. If you’d like to send your scores to more schools after you receive your ACT scores, you can do so by calling, mailing, or submitting a request online.You do not need to have any codes memorized on the day of the ACT. That's one less thing to worry about! Note that while you can send your ACT scores to up to four schools when you register for the test, after those four schoolsthere is a charge (usually $12) for each additional school you choose to send your scores to. Summary ACT college and school codes are used to make sending your score reports to colleges easier and less confusing. ACT, Inc. has assigned each college and university in the United States a unique four-digit code. You will pick up to four schools you'd like your scores to be sent to when you register for the ACT, and you can also send additional score reports after you take the test. If you also want to send SAT scores to schools, you'll need to use a different set of codes. What's Next? Trying to get a high ACT score?Of course you are! We have a list of 21 tips to help you raise your ACT score! Wondering how you should study for the ACT? We've compiled a list of the best ACT prep websites that you should be using. What other information is important to know before taking the ACT?Check out our guide on the ACT rules you need to know before taking the exam. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Christine Sarikas About the Author Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries. 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5 Tips About Freelance Work

5 Tips About Freelance Work 5 Tips About Freelance Work 5 Tips About Freelance Work By Mark Nichol Self-employment is not for everyone, but many publishing professionals thrive, or at least survive, in a freelance capacity. Before you decide whether to join them, however, keep these factors in mind: You probably won’t get rich from freelance writing or editing, but the qualitative rewards are manifest. Self-employed editorial professionals are hereby excused from useless, time-wasting, poorly run meetings. (Freelancers sometimes need to attend in-person or online meetings as part of a project they’ve been hired for, but such gatherings tend to be more efficient than the average company or department to-do.) Freelancers also are fortunate enough to be able to avoid demoralizing company policies, depressing workplace ambience, petty office politics, inept managers, and annoying colleagues. Then there’s that whole commuting thing and no traffic reports (unless you want to tune in just for the sake of nostalgia). When you work at home, you also get to choose what kind of clothes you wear or whether you wear anything at all. But self-employment is a challenge, especially for those who do not have a strong aptitude for business management after all, you, as a freelancer, are running a business. Therefore, you have no one but yourself (unless you hire someone) to manage your finances or your marketing. Each year, if you’re a US citizen, you must submit a profit-or-loss statement and figure (and pay) a self-employment tax, and you should always be working on getting your next project while you’re completing your current one. Furthermore, your income will be variable. And if you’re paid a flat fee, false starts and dead-end ideas don’t earn you any money. Fiction writers, especially, have to put in seemingly endless hours in a gamble to earn a decent living in royalties and you’re nowhere near done even when the not-so-final draft of your manuscript is accepted. Still determined to go independent? Then follow my advice: 1. Find an anchor client. Your first priority is to enter into a relationship with a company that provides you with a steady source of work that provides you with enough income to get by. Everything else is just frosting on the cake, but bake the cake first. 2. Don’t be particular at first. Certainly, you should search your soul for what kind of content you’d like to work on. But when you’re starting out, accept any assignment that involves writing or editing words and, even though you should have a pay range in mind, be prepared to accept less compensation than is ideal. You can always ask for a â€Å"raise† later, and you can always increase your rate when you are engaged by new clients. 3. Be flexible about your rates. I’ve varied my hourly editing rate by up to $50, depending on the client. Online research will yield extensive information about the market rate for writing and editing in various media, in different industries, and so on. You may very well end up straddling two or more markets, and your pay rate may vary substantially. (Also, if you’re asked what rate you’ll accept, rather than offered one, propose a range with a $5-$10 differential starting at your minimum.) 4. Don’t give up your day job. Not right away, at any rate. Nights, weekends, summer vacations for educators these are the opportunities to wade into the freelance pool. Even if your steady job is making you mentally unsteady, stick it out until you have an anchor client. The transition period may exhaust you as you try to juggle full-time work, your personal life, and your efforts to start your own business, but you may be able to jettison your job sooner than you think. (Or you can work for a part-time salary and be self-employed, too.) 5. Keep it simple. You don’t need much in the way of infrastructure. You can probably get away without business cards. You don’t need a fancy-looking invoice template. Some self-employed people rent a small office or use an outbuilding as a way of separating their professional life from their personal one, but few of us can afford that luxury. Turning a spare room into an office, or using an existing study, or even setting aside part of a bedroom or a family room, is sufficient for most people. (But make sure others in your household know that when you’re on the clock, you’re off limits.) Remember, too, that self-employment will always be hard work but virtually any employment is a hard work, and being your own boss is its own reward. Note: The DWT Freelance Writing Course will re-open September, so stay tuned. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsOne Sheep, Two Sheep, One Fish, Two Fish . . .Passed vs Past

IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON INNOVATIVENESS IN ITRC Research Paper

IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON INNOVATIVENESS IN ITRC - Research Paper Example If the knowledge management system of Iran Telecommunication Research Center (ITRC) is efficient and effective, then innovativeness in the telecom industry will be enhanced by improving the knowledge management process, knowledge creation and knowledge sharing. There are 64 respondents in this study who comprises of 49 males and 15 females. The majority of these respondents are graduates of technical fields such as computer science, digital communication, and telecommunication engineering.Among the respondents,12.5% are Ph.D. holders,18.75% have a master’s degree,25% have a bachelor’s degree,31.25% have an associate degree and 12.5% have a diploma or a technical graduate diploma (Aghmyoni, 2012) The research has obtained valuable data in areas that include different types of managerial decision effects on knowledge creation process, requirements in knowledge creation process, impressive organizational cultures that are useful in knowledge creation and sharing. The available data include the data from a comparative analysis that is coded and classified. Based on the analysis and classification results, the most important type of decision in the managerial level that has the greatest effect on knowledge creation according to the survey is senior managers’ support followed by creation of a cultural context and lastly being thoughtful managerial